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''Homo sapiens'' (Latin: "wise person") is the binomial nomenclature (also known as the scientific name) for the only extant human species. ''Homo'' is the human genus, which also includes Neanderthals and many other extinct species of hominid; ''H. sapiens'' is the only surviving species of the genus ''Homo''. Modern humans are the subspecies ''Homo sapiens sapiens'', which differentiates them from what has been argued to be their direct ancestor, ''Homo sapiens idaltu''. The ingenuity and adaptability of ''Homo sapiens'' has led to its becoming, arguably, the most influential species on the planet; it is currently deemed of least concern on the Red List of endangered species by the International Union for the Conservation of Nature.〔 == Name and taxonomy == The binomial name ''Homo sapiens'' was coined by Carl Linnaeus (1758).〔. 〕 The Latin noun ''homō'' (genitive ''hominis'') means "man, human being". Subspecies of ''H. sapiens'' include ''Homo sapiens idaltu'' and the only extant subspecies, ''Homo sapiens sapiens''. Some sources show Neanderthals (''Homo neanderthalensis'') as a subspecies (''Homo sapiens neanderthalensis''). Similarly, the discovered specimens of the ''Homo rhodesiensis'' species have been classified by some as a subspecies (''Homo sapiens rhodesiensis''), but these last two subspecies classifications are not widely accepted by scientists. == Origin == Traditionally, there are two competing views in paleoanthropology about the origin of ''H. sapiens'': the recent African origin and the multiregional origin. Since 2010, genetic research has led to the emergence of an intermediate position, characterised by ''mostly'' recent African origin plus ''limited'' admixture with archaic humans. The recent African origin of modern humans is the mainstream model that describes the origin and early dispersal of anatomically modern humans. The theory is called the ''(Recent) Out-of-Africa'' model in the popular press, and academically the ''recent single-origin hypothesis'' (''RSOH''), ''Replacement Hypothesis'', and ''Recent African Origin'' (''RAO'') model. The hypothesis that humans have a single origin (monogenesis) was published in Charles Darwin's ''Descent of Man'' (1871). The concept was speculative until the 1980s, when it was corroborated by a study of present-day mitochondrial DNA, combined with evidence based on physical anthropology of archaic specimens. According to genetic and fossil evidence, archaic ''Homo sapiens'' evolved to anatomically modern humans solely in Africa, between 200,000 and 100,000 years ago, with members of one branch leaving Africa by 60,000 years ago and over time replacing earlier human populations such as Neanderthals and ''Homo erectus''. The recent single origin of modern humans in East Africa is the near-consensus position held within the scientific community.〔Hua Liu, et al. (A Geographically Explicit Genetic Model of Worldwide Human-Settlement History ). The American Journal of Human Genetics, volume 79 (2006), pages 230–237, quote: ''Currently available genetic and archaeological evidence is generally interpreted as supportive of a recent single origin of modern humans in East Africa. However, this is where the near consensus on human settlement history ends, and considerable uncertainty clouds any more detailed aspect of human colonization history.''〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Origins of Modern Humans: Multiregional or Out of Africa? )〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Modern Humans - Single Origin (Out of Africa) vs Multiregional )〕 However, recent sequencing of the full Neanderthal genome suggests Neanderthals and some modern humans share some ancient genetic lineages. The authors of the study suggest that their findings are consistent with Neanderthal admixture of up to 4% in some populations. But the study also suggests that there may be other reasons why humans and Neanderthals share ancient genetic lineages. In August 2012, a study by scientists at the University of Cambridge questioned this conclusion, hypothesising instead that the DNA overlap is a remnant of a common ancestor of both Neanderthals and modern humans.〔(Study casts doubt on human-Neanderthal interbreeding theory ), The Guardian, Tuesday 14 August 2012〕〔Anders Eriksson and Andrea Manica (Effect of ancient population structure on the degree of polymorphism shared between modern human populations and ancient hominins ) PNAS 2012 : 1200567109v1-201200567. July 20, 2012 〕 The multiregional origin model provides an explanation for the pattern of human evolution proposed by Milford H. Wolpoff in 1988. Multiregional origin holds that the evolution of humanity from the beginning of the Pleistocene 2.5 million years BP to the present day has been within a single, continuous human species, evolving worldwide to modern ''Homo sapiens sapiens''. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「homo sapiens」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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